Title: Latin: An Intensive Course Unit 1
Tags: unit-1 1st-conjugation

Front: What is conjugation?
Back: The inflection of verbs based on person, number, tense, voice, and mood is called conjugation

Front: How many tenses are there in indicative mood?
Back: There are 6 tenses in the indicative mood:
1. Present
2. Imperfect (not completed)
3. Future
4. Perfect (completed)
5. Pluperfect (past perfect, "more than completed")
6. Future Perfect: an action will be completed before some point of time in the future.

Front: What are the endings of 4 conjugation classes of verbs?
Back: 1. -āre in present infinitive
2. -ēre in present infinitive
3. -ere in present infinitive
4. -īre in present infinitive

Front: What are the 4 principle parts of a verb?
Back: 1. first person singular, present active indicative ("I desire")
2. present active infinitive ("to desire")
3. first person singular, perfect active indicative ("I desired, I have desired")
4. perfect passive participle ("having been desired, desired")
It is essential that the 4 principal parts for each verb be learned as part of the vocabulary in order to fully conjugated the verb

Front: How to conjugate first and second conjugation verbs in the present, imperfect, and future tenses in indicative mode and active voice?
Back: Given the definition of conjugation, the conjugation we discuss here is confined in the following setup:
1. Person: all three
2. Number: both singular and plural
3. Tense: present, imperfect, future only
4. voice: active only
5. mood: indicative only
A Latin verb is usually in the form of a stem followed by a tense sign followed by an ending: stem + tense + ending. To conjugate means defining all 3 parts
Stem
The stem for the present, imperfect, and future tenses is called the present stem. The present stem is obtained from the 2nd principal part of the verb by dropping the -re ending (This rule applies to all four conjugations). For example the present stem of "optō, -āre" is "optā"
Tense
- Present: no tense sign, i.e. stem + ending
- Imperfect: -bā-
- Future: -bi-
Example: optō, optāre
- optā- (present)
- optābā- (imperfect)
- optābi- (future)
Ending (number + person)
First & Second Conjugation
 | First Person | Second Person | Third Person
Singular | -ō / -m | -s | -t
Plural | -mus | -tis | -nt
Example
 | Present | Imperfect | Future
-ō / -m | optō | optābam^* | optābō
-s | optās | optābās | optābis
-t | optat | optābat | optābit
-mus | optāmus | optābāmus | optābimus
-tis | optātis | optābātis | optābitis
-nt | optānt | optābānt | optābunt
* A long vowel is shortened before final om, -t, or -at.
Note that
- The -ā- of the steam is absorbed into the -ō ending
- Whether to use -ō or -m for the first person singular depends on the paradigms. The future of the first and second conjugations and the present indicative of all conjugations use the -ō endings in the first person singular. All other tenses in the present system use the -m ending
- The -i- in the future tense sign is absorbed into the -ō ending and changes to -u- in the third person singular

Front: How to conjugate sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be) in the present, imperfect, and future tenses in indicative mode and active voice?
Back: As in most languages, "to be" is irregular:
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, ‘be’
 | Present | Imperfect | Future
Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl.
1st | sum | sumus | eram | erāmus | erō | erimus
2nd | es | estis | erās | erātis | eris | eritis
3rd | est | sunt | erat | erant | erit | erunt
- In case where it starts a sentence, est may be translated 'there is' rather than 'he/she/it is' (e.g. est malum - there is the apple). Thus, erat, 'there was'; erit, 'there will be'.
- Since the "to be" cannot logically have a passiv voice, it does not have the 4th principal part - the perfect passive participle
- Since "to be" is a linking verb, one finds the same case preceding and following it. For example: Nauta est poēta (The sailor is a poet)
Note that this table only covers the sum because we are talking about the Present System (Present, Imperfect, Future) which is derived from sum, esse. esse as an inifitinive is the "name" of the verb (to be) and, thus, is not a conjugated form
The fuī, the 3rd principal part, derives the conjugation of the remaining 3 tenses, i.e. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, and is out of the scop of this card

Front: What is declension?
Back: The inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives is called declension. The declension of nouns shows the qualities of number and case.
The case endings indicate the grammatical and syntactical relationship of the given noun to the other words in the sentence. Whereas English relies largely on word order to illustrate such relationships, Latin relies on its inflections. In addition, where the English uses a prepositional phrase, the Latin frequently needs only the one inflected word.

Front: What are the genders of Latin nouns?
Back: - masculine
- feminine
- neuter

Front: Are there definite or indefinite article in Latin?
Back: No

Front: What are all noun cases in Latin?
Back: There are 5 cases:
1. Nominative: subject
2. Genitive: the genitive case is used for a noun which is dependent upon another noun and is often introduced by the preposition "of" in English (except where "of" means 'concerning'). For example, "patria fēminae" (the native land of the woman, the woman's native land)
3. Dative: Usually rendered in English by the prepositions "to" or "for" and used as indirect object, dative case generally expresses the person (or thing), with the exception of the subject and object, with reference to whom (or what) the action or idea of the main verb is relevant. For example, "Taedam fēminae dat." (He gives the torch to the woman. Fēminae is the referent of the action; that is, the action of the verb occurs with reference to her.)
4. Accusative: the direct object of a verb or as the object of certain prepositions
5. Ablative: generally expresses notions connected with the English prepositions "from, with, in", and "by". Sometimes prepositions are required to express these notions (Fēmina est in aquā. The woman is in the water.); other times the case ending alone serves this purpose (Nauta fēminam taedā terret. The sailor frightens the woman with a torch.)
The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case, with a difference in meaning:
- The accusative case is used to express movement toward; thus in with the accusative means 'into' or 'onto. For example, in turbam (into the crowd)
- The ablative case, on the other hand, is not associated with movement, but with location. Thus in with the ablative means 'in' or 'on'. For instance, in turbā (in the crowd)

Front: What are all declension groups of Latin?
Back: There are 5 basic groups of nouns in Latin. Each of these is called a declension. These declensions are distinguished from one another by the ending of the genitive singular:
- 1st declension: -ae
- 2nd declension: -ī
- 3rd declension: -is
- 4th declension: -ūs
- 5th declension: -eī

Front: How to get stem of Latin noun?
Back: A noun is a steam followed by a case ending. In order to get the stem of any noun in Latin, take the full genitive singular form and drop the ending. For example, fēmin (stem) / ae (ending)

Front: What are endings of the first declension?
Back: fēmina, -ae, f. (woman)
Case | Ending | Form | Meaning
Singular
Nominative | -a | fēmina | (the, a) woman (subject)
Genitive | -ae | fēminae | of (the, a) woman, (the, a) woman’s
Dative | -ae | fēminae | to/for (the, a) woman
Accusative | -am | fēminam | (the, a) woman (object)
Ablative | -ā | fēminā | from/with/in/by (the, a) woman
Plural
Nominative | -ae | fēminae | (the) women (subject)
Genitive | -ārum | fēminārum | of (the) women, (the) women’s
Dative | -īs | fēminīs | to/for (the) women
Accusative | -ās | fēminās | (the) women (object)
Ablative | -īs | fēminīs | from/with/in/by (the) women

Front: ambulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus
Back: walk

Front: aqua, -ae, F.
Back: water

Front: clāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus
Back: shout

Front: corōna, -ae, F.
Back: crown, wreath

Front: corōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus
Back: crown

Front: cum (prep. + abl.)
Back: with

Front: cūra, -ae, F.
Back: care, concern, anxiety

Front: dē (prep. + abl.)
Back: concerning, about; (down) from
Notes: dē always takes the ablative case

Front: dō, dare, dedī, datus
Back: give, grant
Notes: According to the Section F. of UNIT ONE in Latin: An Intensive Course: "The stem... is derived from... the present infinitive: the -re ending is dropped.":
- Infinitive: dare
- Drop -re: da-
This short a at the end of the stem makes this verb unique and sort of irregular.
When an infinitive (an action) is used with this verb, it is best to use the meaning 'grant, allow' for dō. For example:
Rēgina fēminas vidēre corōnam dat (The queen grants the women to see her crown)
The infinitive in this example is vidēre (to see).

Front: dōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus
Back: give, present, reward
Notes: dōnō may govern
- an accusative and a dative, i.e. one may present something to someone, or
  - Example: Aquam nautīs dōnābimus (We shall give water to the sailors)
- an accusative and ablative, i.e. one may present someone with something
  - Example: Nautās aquā dōnābimus (We shall present the sailors with water)

Front: ē, ex (prep. + abl.)
Back: out of, from
Notes: - ē before a word beginning with a consonant
- ex before a vowel or h and sometimes before a consonant.

Front: enim (postpositive conj.)
Back: indeed, of course; for
Notes: enim is a postpositive conjunction, which means it cannot be the first word of a clause. Usually, a postpositive is placed as the second word of a clause. enim generally introduces a statement which corroborates what precedes.

Front: et (conj.)
Back: and
Notes: As an adverb, et means "even"

Front: et . . . et
Back: both . . . and

Front: fāma, -ae, F.
Back: talk, report, rumor, fame, reputation

Front: fēmina, -ae, F.
Back: woman

Front: fōrma, -ae, F.
Back: form, shape, figure, beauty

Front: habeō, -ēre, habuī, habitus
Back: have, hold, possess, consider

Front: impleō, -ēre, implēvī, implētus
Back: fill, fill up

Front: in (prep. + acc.)
Back: into, onto (motion toward)

Front: īnsula, -ae, F.
Back: island
Notes: A vowel before -ns- is long; thus "īnsula"

Front: nauta, -ae, M.
Back: sailor

Front: -ne (enclitic)
Back: Added to the first word of an interrogative sentence or clause; it indicates a question.
Notes: For example:
- Timetne? Is he afraid?
- Fēmināsne vides? Do you see the women?

Front: nōn (adv.)
Back: not

Front: optō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus
Back: desire, wish (for); choose

Front: patria, -ae, F.
Back: native land, country

Front: pecūnia, -ae, F.
Back: money

Front: poena, -ae, F.
Back: penalty, punishment
Notes: Although literally the idiom poenās dare means "to give punishments", the actual meaning is the opposite, "to pay a penalty". For example: Poenās dabit (He will pay the penalty)

Front: poenās dare
Back: to pay a penalty

Front: poēta, -ae, M.
Back: poet

Front: porta, -ae, F.
Back: gate

Front: -que (enclitic)
Back: and
Notes: In Enblish we translaote -que, "and", before the work to which it is attached. For example, "poētae nautaeque" (the poets and sailors)

Front: rēgīna, -ae, F.
Back: queen

Front: sed (conj.)
Back: but

Front: sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
Back: be, exist

Front: taeda, -ae, F.
Back: torch

Front: terreō, -ēre, terruī, territus
Back: frighten, alarm, terrify

Front: timeō, -ēre, timuī, --
Back: fear, be afraid (of)

Front: turba, -ae, F.
Back: crowd, uproar

Front: via, -ae, F.
Back: way, road, path, street

Front: videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus
Back: see

Front: What a re denominatives?
Back: Many verbs in Latin derive from nouns. For example, corōnō, corōnāre, corōnāvī, corōnātus, "crown", comes from corōna, corōnae, F., "crown". Such verbs are called denominatives.