Title: Athenaze Book 1 Ch. 1 α
Tags: Adjective Verb Noun Adverb Conjunction proper-name Name Particle Phrase Prepositional Proper prepositional-phrase

Front: ἐστί(ν)
Back: he/she/it is

Front: λέγει
Back: he/she says

Front: οἰκεῖ
Back: he/she lives

Front: πονεῖ
Back: he/she works

Front: φιλεῖ
Back: he/she loves

Front: χαίρει
Back: he/she rejoices

Front: ὁ ἀγρός
Back: field

Front: ὁ ἄνθρωπος
Back: man; human being; person

Front: ὁ αὐτουργός
Back: farmer

Front: ὁ οἶκος
Back: house

Front: ὁ πόνος
Back: toil, work

Front: ὁ σῖτος
Back: grain; food

Front: καλός
Back: beautiful / noble
Notes: Masculine form. (καλή, καλόν).

Front: μακρός
Back: long; large

Front: μῑκρός
Back: small

Front: πολύς
Back: much; pl., many

Front: ἐν ταῖς Ἀθήναις
Back: in Athens

Front: οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ
Back: not
Notes: - οὐ: before consonants
- οὐκ: before vowels or diphthongs
- οὐχ: before aspirated vowels or aspirated diphthongs

Front: οὖν
Back: so (because of this); then (i.e. after this)
Notes: This is a connecting adverb and postpositive (word always "placed after" and never occur first in its clause)

Front: ἀλλά
Back: but

Front: γάρ
Back: (postpositive) for

Front: καί
Back: and

Front: δέ
Back: (postpositive) and, but

Front: Ἀθηναῖος
Back: Athenian

Front: ὁ Δικαιόπολις
Back: Dicaeopolis

Front: ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς
Back: in the country (lit., in the fields)

Front: γεωργεῖ
Back: he farms, cultivates

Front: τὸν κλῆρον
Back: the (= his) farm

Front: χαλεπὸς
Back: hard

Front: ὁ βίος
Back: the (= his) life

Front: ἀεὶ
Back: always

Front: πολλάκις
Back: often

Front: στενάζει
Back: groans

Front: ὦ Ζεῦ
Back: O Zeus

Front: ἀπέραντος
Back: endless

Front: παρέχει
Back: provides

Front: ἰσχῡρός
Back: strong

Front: ἄοκνος
Back: energetic

Front: ἐλεύθερος
Back: free

Front: ἱκανόν
Back: enough

Front: ὁ Δικαιόπολις Ἀθηναῖός ἐστιν. οἰκεῖ δὲ ὁ Δικαιόπολις οὐκ ἐν ταῖς Ἀθήναις ἀλλὰ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς· αὐτουργὸς γάρ ἐστιν.
Back: Dicaeopolis is an Athenian; yet he lives not in Athens but in the country, for he is a farmer.
Notes: - οὐκ ... ἀλλὰ ...: not ... but ...
- The 3rd independent clause (αὐτουργὸς γάρ ἐστιν) explains the reason for the 2nd, indicated by γάρ ("for").

Front: γεωργεῖ οὖν τὸν κλῆρον καὶ πονεῖ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς.
Back: Therefore, he cultivates the farm and toils in the fields.

Front: χαλεπὸς δέ ἐστιν ὁ βίος· ὁ γὰρ κλῆρός ἐστι μικρός, μακρὸς δὲ ὁ πόνος.
Back: But life is hard; for the farm is small, and the toil is long.
Notes: Can we translate using "work" instead of "toils"? Are they different in anyway?
Although syntactically we could, there is a distinct nuance in Ancient Greek between just "doing a job" and πόνος. Ancient Greek has 2 main words that can be translated as "work":
1. Ἔργον: This is the neutral or positive word for "work," "deed," or "task." It refers to the act of doing something or the product of work. (Think of "Ergonomics" or "Energy").
2. Πόνος: This word is etymologically related to words for pain and suffering. It implies heavy labor, fatigue, stress, or exertion.
In the sentence χαλεπὸς δέ ἐστιν ὁ βίος ("And life is hard"), Dicaeopolis is complaining. He isn't just stating that he has a job; he is emphasizing the struggle of it.

Front: ἀεὶ οὖν πονεῖ ὁ Δικαιόπολις καὶ πολλάκις στενάζει καὶ λέγει· “ὦ Ζεῦ, χαλεπός ἐστιν ὁ βίος· ἀπέραντος γάρ ἐστιν ὁ πόνος, μικρὸς δὲ ὁ κλῆρος καὶ οὐ πολὺν σῖτον παρέχει.”
Back: Therefore, Dicaeopolis always toils and often groans and says: "O Zeus, life is hard; for the toil is endless, and the farm is small and does not provide much food."

Front: ἀλλὰ ἰσχυρός ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἄοκνος· πολλάκις οὖν χαίρει· ἐλεύθερος γάρ ἐστι καὶ αὐτουργός· φιλεῖ δὲ τὸν οἶκον.
Back: But the man is strong and energetic; therefore he often rejoices; for he is free and a farmer, and he loves his home.

Front: καλὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ κλῆρος καὶ σῖτον παρέχει οὐ πολὺν ἀλλὰ ἱκανόν.
Back: For the farm is beautiful and provides food—not much, but enough.

Front: When do we write ἐστίν for ἐστί(ν)?
Back: ἐστίν is used when followed by a word beginning with a vowel or when coming as the last word in a clause
Notes: - The -ν in this case is called movable ν
- The word ἐστί(ν) is enclitic, which means that it ''leans upon" the previous word and often loses its accent.

Front: How many noun genders are there in Ancient Greek?
Back: 1. Masculine (ὁ)
2. Feminine (ἡ)
3. Neuter (τό)

Front: How many cases are there in Ancient Greek?
Back: 1. Nominative: the subject of the verb and the complement after the verb "is"
2. Genitive: direct object of the verb
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Vocative
Notes: - Ch. 1 only expands nominative and genitive cases.
- Definite articles and adjectives agree with the nouns they go with in gender, number (singular or plural), and case

Front: What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
Back: Verbs that take direct objects are transitive and those that do not take direct objects are intransitive